Name: __________________________  Date: _____________

1.	Aristotle suggested that a meal makes us sleepy by causing heat to collect around the	
A)	brain.	
B)	throat.	
C)	heart.	
D)	stomach.	

2.	Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of	
A)	animal intelligence.	
B)	personality development.	
C)	social influence.	
D)	mental processes.	

3.	The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using	
A)	a biopsychosocial perspective.	
B)	an evolutionary perspective.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	scientific methods.	

4.	The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the mind's makeup was called	
A)	cognitive neuroscience.	
B)	behaviorism.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	evolutionary psychology.	

5.	Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.	
A)	John B. Watson	
B)	Charles Darwin	
C)	Edward Titchener	
D)	B. F. Skinner	

6.	Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called	
A)	cognitive neuroscience.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

7.	Research participants are asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involves a technique known as	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	massed practice.	
D)	introspection.	

8.	The unreliability of _____ led to the waning popularity of structuralism.	
A)	introspection	
B)	spaced practice	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	humanistic psychology	

9.	William James was a prominent American	
A)	psychoanalyst.	
B)	behaviorist.	
C)	functionalist.	
D)	psychiatrist.	

10.	Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the	
A)	adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors.	
B)	component elements of sensory experience.	
C)	disruptive effects of unconscious motives.	
D)	treatment of psychological disorders.	

11.	Which theorist most clearly influenced William James' efforts to understand the adaptive functions of thinking and consciousness?	
A)	John B. Watson	
B)	Sigmund Freud	
C)	Carl Rogers	
D)	Charles Darwin	

12.	Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	functionalism.	

13.	Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt	
B)	John B. Watson	
C)	Sigmund Freud	
D)	William James	

14.	Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?	
A)	Jean Piaget	
B)	Margaret Floy Washburn	
C)	Rosalie Rayner	
D)	Mary Whiton Calkins	

15.	Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of	
A)	mental processes.	
B)	clinical psychology.	
C)	unconscious motives.	
D)	conditioned responses.	

16.	From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of	
A)	genetic influences.	
B)	self-esteem.	
C)	conscious thoughts and feelings.	
D)	observable behavior.	

17.	The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	humanistic psychology.	
D)	positive psychology.	

18.	Behaviorists dismissed the value of	
A)	science.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	spaced practice.	
D)	applied research.	

19.	Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the introspective study of self-esteem to be	
A)	applied research.	
B)	a positive psychology.	
C)	an unscientific method.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

20.	John B. Watson is to Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________.	
A)	biology; environment	
B)	observable behavior; inner sensations	
C)	mental illness; psychiatry	
D)	cognitive perspective; psychoanalytic perspective	

21.	Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?	
A)	evolutionary psychology	
B)	Freudian psychology	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	behaviorism	

22.	Sherry is often overly generous in sacrificing her time to help others. Her friend suggests that by keeping busy in this way Sherry avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Her friend's suggestion illustrates the type of explanation that is most typical of	
A)	evolutionary psychology.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	Freudian psychology.	

23.	Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	behavior genetics.	

24.	Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's	
A)	childhood memories.	
B)	genetic predispositions.	
C)	unconscious thought processes.	
D)	potential for healthy growth.	

25.	In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of	
A)	mental processes.	
B)	hereditary influences.	
C)	unconscious motives.	
D)	learned behaviors.	

26.	The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to	
A)	clinical psychology.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	cognitive psychology.	

27.	Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between	
A)	natural selection and genetic predispositions.	
B)	childhood memories and psychological disorders.	
C)	thought processes and brain functions.	
D)	philosophy and physiology.	

28.	Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of	
A)	conscious and unconscious mental activity.	
B)	observable responses to the environment.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.	

29.	Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.	
A)	evolution; natural selection	
B)	behavior; mental process	
C)	conscious; unconscious	
D)	nurture; nature	

30.	The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and	
A)	economics.	
B)	biology.	
C)	geography.	
D)	sociology.	

31.	The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian	
A)	chemist.	
B)	physician.	
C)	theologian.	
D)	politician.	

32.	One of the last century's most influential observers of children was the Swiss biologist	
A)	Edward Bradford Titchener.	
B)	Margaret Floy Washburn.	
C)	William James.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

33.	Today's psychology is best described as increasingly	
A)	introspective in its methods.	
B)	psychodynamic it its perspective.	
C)	globalized in its influence.	
D)	controversial in its application.	

34.	The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.	
A)	massed practice and spaced practice	
B)	unconscious and conscious motives	
C)	behavior and mental processes	
D)	genes and experience	

35.	Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________.	
A)	observation; introspection	
B)	psychology; psychiatry	
C)	nature; nurture	
D)	behavior; mental processes	

36.	Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding	
A)	structuralism and functionalism.	
B)	conscious and unconscious thought.	
C)	observation and introspection.	
D)	nature and nurture.	

37.	Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of	
A)	neuroscience and cognition.	
B)	nature and nurture.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	conscious and unconscious thoughts.	

38.	Plato's assumption that we inherit character traits and intelligence is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding	
A)	conscious and unconscious thoughts.	
B)	observation and introspection.	
C)	nature and nurture.	
D)	basic and applied research.	

39.	In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as	
A)	Plato is to Aristotle.	
B)	Watson is to Skinner.	
C)	Aristotle is to Plato.	
D)	Skinner is to Watson.	

40.	Professor McClure believes that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of	
A)	Aristotle.	
B)	Plato.	
C)	John Locke.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

41.	Who suggested that the mind at birth is a blank sheet upon which experience writes?	
A)	Charles Darwin	
B)	René Descartes	
C)	John Locke	
D)	Plato	

42.	Which seventeenth-century European philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?	
A)	John Locke	
B)	Ivan Pavlov	
C)	Edward Titchener	
D)	René Descartes	

43.	Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?	
A)	Plato	
B)	Aristotle	
C)	John Locke	
D)	Charles Darwin	

44.	Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ________ that he encountered.	
A)	unconscious thought processes	
B)	species variation	
C)	biopsychosocial approach	
D)	SQ3R method	

45.	The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	structuralism.	

46.	Natural selection refers to the principle that variations in ________ that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.	
A)	learned habits	
B)	inherited traits	
C)	levels of analysis	
D)	cultural practices	

47.	Exploring how we humans are alike because of our common biology and evolutionary history is the focus of	
A)	cognitive neuroscience.	
B)	community psychology.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	evolutionary psychology.	

48.	Exploring how we humans are diverse because of our differing genes and environments is the focus of	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	cognitive psychology.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

49.	By suggesting that nurture works on what nature endows, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity for	
A)	inborn ideas.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	learning and adaptation.	

50.	The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitute their	
A)	culture.	
B)	levels of analysis.	
C)	massed practice.	
D)	community psychology.	

51.	Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for	
A)	promoting the testing effect.	
B)	inhibiting introspection.	
C)	discerning human similarities and differences.	
D)	encouraging massed practice.	

52.	Psychological differences between the genders are	
A)	of little interest to contemporary psychologists.	
B)	simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes.	
C)	no longer evident in contemporary Western societies.	
D)	far outweighed by gender similarities.	

53.	Depression and suicide are more common in today's North American culture than they were in the very different North American culture of nearly a century ago. But in both the past and the more recent cultural settings, pessimistic thinking and feelings of loneliness corresponded with a heightened risk of depression and suicide. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences in behavior.	
A)	genetic differences	
B)	unconscious motives	
C)	early childhood memories	
D)	common psychological processes	

54.	Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of	
A)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	behavior genetics.	

55.	Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different	
A)	cognitive functions.	
B)	unconscious motives.	
C)	levels of analysis.	
D)	natural selections.	

56.	The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of	
A)	SQ3R.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	humanistic psychology.	
D)	multiple levels of analysis.	

57.	Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires	
A)	introspection.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	massed practice.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

58.	The biopsychosocial approach incorporates different levels of analysis, which	
A)	have little value for applied research.	
B)	typically contradict common sense.	
C)	are generally impossible to test scientifically.	
D)	complement one another.	

59.	The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by	
A)	environmental circumstances.	
B)	blood chemistry.	
C)	unconscious conflicts.	
D)	subjective interpretations.	

60.	Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	neuroscience	

61.	Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	cognitive	

62.	Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	cognitive	
C)	behavioral	
D)	social-cultural	

63.	Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	social-cultural	

64.	Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	cognitive	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	psychodynamic	

65.	Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment on our individual differences?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	psychodynamic	

66.	Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavioral	
D)	cognitive	

67.	The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on	
A)	natural selection.	
B)	brain chemistry.	
C)	unconscious conflicts.	
D)	learned behaviors.	

68.	Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

69.	Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	behavioral	
D)	behavior genetics	

70.	Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she frequently praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavioral	

71.	The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how	
A)	feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.	
B)	people try to understand their own unconscious motives.	
C)	behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.	
D)	people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.	

72.	Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	behavior genetics	

73.	Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	behavior genetics	

74.	Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	cognitive	
D)	social-cultural	

75.	Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic groups?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	neuroscience	

76.	Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	evolutionary	

77.	Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples of	
A)	the testing effect.	
B)	replication.	
C)	basic research.	
D)	positive psychology.	

78.	Dr. Robinson conducts research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?	
A)	social psychology	
B)	clinical psychology	
C)	biological psychology	
D)	industrial-organizational psychology	

79.	Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	clinical	
C)	developmental	
D)	industrial-organizational	

80.	Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _________ psychologist.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	biological	
C)	clinical	
D)	social	

81.	Dr. Roberts studies how best to assess individual differences in traits such as impulsiveness and sociability. Which specialty area does her research best represent?	
A)	social psychology	
B)	biological psychology	
C)	industrial-organizational psychology	
D)	personality psychology	

82.	Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	social psychology	
C)	developmental psychology	
D)	clinical psychology	

83.	Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in applied research?	
A)	industrial-organizational psychologists	
B)	developmental psychologists	
C)	personality psychologists	
D)	biological psychologists	

84.	Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	clinical	
B)	developmental	
C)	personality	
D)	industrial-organizational	

85.	Dr. Vazquez helps people make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is most likely a	
A)	biological psychologist.	
B)	counseling psychologist.	
C)	cognitive psychologist.	
D)	social psychologist.	

86.	Clinical psychologists specialize in	
A)	constructing surveys.	
B)	animal research.	
C)	providing therapy to troubled people.	
D)	providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.	

87.	For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist.	
A)	developmental	
B)	clinical	
C)	personality	
D)	biological	

88.	The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a	
A)	clinical psychologist.	
B)	personality psychologist.	
C)	developmental psychologist.	
D)	psychiatrist.	

89.	Rather than seeking to change people to fit their environments, ________ work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all.	
A)	counseling psychologists.	
B)	cognitive psychologists.	
C)	community psychologists.	
D)	clinical psychologists.	

90.	The testing effect refers to the ________ that accompanies repeated retrieval of learned information.	
A)	introspection	
B)	natural selection	
C)	enhanced memory	
D)	increasing boredom	

91.	Students learn and remember course materials best when they	
A)	practice introspection.	
B)	engage in massed practice.	
C)	process information actively.	
D)	avoid multiple levels of analysis.	

92.	SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review.	
A)	revise	
B)	reason	
C)	retrieve	
D)	research	

93.	The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of	
A)	massed practice.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	retrieving information.	
D)	role modeling.	

94.	Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ________, which is an important learning tool.	
A)	critical thinking	
B)	the testing effect	
C)	introspection	
D)	SQ3R	

95.	Julie, a physics major, has difficulty believing that psychology is a science, because people cannot observe other people's thoughts and sensations. Explain how Edward Titchener and John B. Watson would have responded to Julie's skepticism regarding psychology's scientific status.	

96.	Jack is a second-grade student. He seems to have no interest in learning, often daydreaming in class and frequently disrupting the class by throwing objects at other students. Describe how a biopsychosocial approach might provide both an integrated explanation of Jack's classroom behavior and practical suggestions for helping Jack to cope more effectively with the challenges he faces.	

97.	Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people. Use your knowledge of psychology's perspectives and subfields to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career opportunities for psychologists.	

98.	The early school of psychology that used introspection to reveal the mind's makeup was known as	
A)	psychiatry.	
B)	behaviorism.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	structuralism.	

99.	Edward Titchener was concerned primarily with the study of	
A)	sensory experiences.	
B)	psychological disorders.	
C)	inherited traits.	
D)	social relationships.	

100.	Who was the functionalist who authored a textbook for the emerging discipline of psychology?	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt	
B)	John B. Watson	
C)	Edward Titchener	
D)	William James	

101.	Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of	
A)	smiling.	
B)	screaming.	
C)	fighting.	
D)	thinking.	

102.	The scientific study of behavior without reference to mental processes was of special interest to	
A)	Edward Titchener.	
B)	William James.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

103.	Professor Schroeder argues that children have an innate concept of justice that enables them to distinguish between fair and unfair rules. This argument is most consistent with the views of	
A)	Aristotle.	
B)	Plato.	
C)	John Locke.	
D)	John B. Watson.	

104.	In the context of debates over the origins of ideas, nature is to nurture as ________ is to Locke.	
A)	Aristotle	
B)	Plato	
C)	Darwin	
D)	Descartes	

105.	Debates as to whether the excessive use of alcohol is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of	
A)	nature and nurture.	
B)	observation and introspection.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	structuralism and functionalism.	

106.	An integrated explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by	
A)	SQ3R.	
B)	behaviorism.	
C)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

107.	Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	psychodynamic	

108.	Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of retrieval practice on long-term memory of information?	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	cognitive	
D)	behavior genetics	

109.	Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral; social-cultural	
B)	evolutionary; behavioral	
C)	social-cultural; neuroscience	
D)	neuroscience; evolutionary	

110.	Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pessimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as ________ psychology.	
A)	biological	
B)	personality	
C)	social	
D)	developmental	

111.	Professor Thurstone investigates whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' test scores. Professor Thurstone is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	clinical	
B)	social	
C)	biological	
D)	personality	

112.	Testing your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information. Psychologists have referred to this as	
A)	SQ3R.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	the testing effect.	
D)	positive psychology.	

113.	To study inner sensations, images, and feelings, Edward Titchener engaged people in self-reflective	
A)	psychoanalysis.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	spaced practice.	

114.	Which early school of psychology was most clearly focused on understanding the adaptive value of complex mental processes?	
A)	structuralism	
B)	behaviorism	
C)	psychiatry	
D)	functionalism	

115.	The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized by	
A)	Freudian psychology.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

116.	A study of the relationship between reasoning capacities and brain functions would be of most direct interest to	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	the psychodynamic perspective.	

117.	The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights the ________ character of psychology.	
A)	naturalistic	
B)	humanistic	
C)	scientific	
D)	introspective	

118.	Wilhelm Wundt was both a	
A)	psychoanalyst and psychiatrist.	
B)	physiologist and philosopher.	
C)	sociologist and psychiatrist.	
D)	theologian and philosopher.	

119.	In debating the origins of human traits, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of	
A)	basic and applied research.	
B)	nature and nurture.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	structuralism and functionalism.	

120.	The importance of inherited behavioral traits was most clearly highlighted by	
A)	John Locke.	
B)	Charles Darwin.	
C)	John B. Watson.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

121.	Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	neuroscience	

122.	Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	cognitive	
D)	behavioral	

123.	Focusing on the extent to which personality is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective.	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	social-cultural	

124.	The marriage rituals of different ethnic groups are of most relevance to the ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	cognitive	

125.	Professor Helms conducts basic research on the progressive changes in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Helms is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	clinical	
C)	personality	
D)	developmental	

126.	Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	developmental	
C)	clinical	
D)	cognitive	

127.	SQ3R is an acronym for an effective	
A)	neuroscience perspective.	
B)	study method.	
C)	biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	form of psychotherapy.	

128.	The first psychological laboratory was established by	
A)	John Watson.	
B)	Wilhelm Wundt.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

129.	One of the earliest schools of thought in psychology was	
A)	psychiatry.	
B)	structuralism.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

130.	Which school of psychology attempted to identify the basic elements of the mind?	
A)	structuralism	
B)	functionalism	
C)	behaviorism	
D)	psychoanalysis	

131.	Edward Titchener trained people to report elements of their experience and promoted a school of thought known as	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	structuralism.	
C)	functionalism.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

132.	Structuralism used a method known as ________ to reveal the basic elements of the mind.	
A)	massed practice	
B)	positive psychology	
C)	introspection	
D)	psychoanalysis	

133.	Edward Titchener used the method of introspection to identify	
A)	inherited traits.	
B)	maladaptive behaviors.	
C)	unconscious motives.	
D)	sensory experiences.	

134.	Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate thoughts and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as	
A)	spaced practice.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	natural selection.	

135.	Which research method waned in popularity because its results varied when the technique was used by different people?	
A)	overlearning	
B)	introspection	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	spaced practice	

136.	The early school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and survive was called	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	structuralism.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	functionalism.	

137.	The early school of psychology known as functionalism was promoted by	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt.	
B)	William James.	
C)	John B. Watson.	
D)	Carl Rogers.	

138.	William James was primarily concerned with the _______ of the mind.	
A)	functions	
B)	elements	
C)	disorders	
D)	biological origins	

139.	Functionalism is to structuralism as ________ is to Edward Titchener.	
A)	John Locke	
B)	B. F. Skinner	
C)	William James	
D)	John B. Watson	

140.	The pioneering memory researcher, Mary Whiton Calkins, was denied the ________ Ph.D. degree she had earned under the mentorship of _________.	
A)	University of Leipzig; Wilhelm Wundt	
B)	Radcliff College; John B. Watson	
C)	Harvard University; William James	
D)	Cornell University; Edward Titchener	

141.	The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology later wrote an influential book, The Animal Mind. Her name was	
A)	Mary Whiton Calkins.	
B)	Rosalie Rayner.	
C)	Margaret Floy Washburn.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

142.	Who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?	
A)	Watson and Skinner	
B)	Freud and James	
C)	Wundt and Titchener	
D)	Rogers and Maslow	

143.	Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have been LEAST likely to encourage research that focused on	
A)	maladaptive eating habits.	
B)	the meaning of frightening dreams.	
C)	effective parenting techniques.	
D)	crime-deterring legal practices.	

144.	The value of introspection was most clearly dismissed by	
A)	Freudian psychologists.	
B)	functionalists.	
C)	structuralists.	
D)	behaviorists.	

145.	B. F. Skinner was a prominent American	
A)	psychiatrist.	
B)	behaviorist.	
C)	cognitive neuroscientist.	
D)	structuralist.	

146.	The study of inner thoughts and feelings is to the study of observable behavior as Edward Titchener is to	
A)	John B. Watson.	
B)	William James.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	Wilhelm Wundt.	

147.	The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to	
A)	John B. Watson.	
B)	Charles Darwin.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

148.	Humanistic psychologists such as ________ emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.	
A)	Wundt and Titchener	
B)	Freud and James	
C)	Rogers and Maslow	
D)	Watson and Skinner	

149.	The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	clinical psychology.	

150.	The science of behavior and mental processes is called	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	psychology.	

151.	In exploring human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on	
A)	introspection.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	massed practice.	
D)	scientific methods.	

152.	Behavior is to mental processes as ________ is to ________.	
A)	nature; nurture	
B)	sensation; memory	
C)	talking; understanding	
D)	clinical psychology; psychiatry	

153.	Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology. For example, ________ was an American philosopher and ________ was an Austrian physician.	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt; Ivan Pavlov	
B)	William James; Sigmund Freud	
C)	B. F. Skinner; John B. Watson	
D)	John Locke; René Descartes	

154.	Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of	
A)	learning.	
B)	perception.	
C)	personality.	
D)	mental illness.	

155.	The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the	
A)	levels of analysis dilemma.	
B)	structuralism-functionalism debate.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience controversy.	
D)	nature–nurture issue.	

156.	Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited. Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of	
A)	observation and introspection.	
B)	behavior and mental processes.	
C)	nature and nurture.	
D)	conscious mind and unconscious mind.	

157.	Do psychological differences between men and women result from biological influences or social influences? This question most clearly involves a debate over the issue of	
A)	conscious and unconscious thought.	
B)	observation and introspection.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	nature and nurture.	

158.	In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.	
A)	mind; body	
B)	basic research; applied research	
C)	introspection; naturalistic observation	
D)	nurture; nature	

159.	Which philosopher concluded that certain ideas were inborn?	
A)	Aristotle	
B)	Plato	
C)	Locke	
D)	Watson	

160.	Professor Kim suggests that young children from all cultures can distinguish between singular and plural nouns because the concept of quantity is inborn. The professor's suggestion would have been most readily accepted by	
A)	Plato.	
B)	John B. Watson.	
C)	B. F. Skinner.	
D)	John Locke.	

161.	Unlike Plato, Aristotle emphasized that knowledge is a product of	
A)	logical reasoning.	
B)	inborn ideas.	
C)	sensory experience.	
D)	introspection.	

162.	Charles Darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by	
A)	rational thought.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	unconscious motives.	

163.	Which principle suggests that inherited traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations?	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	structuralism	
C)	natural selection	
D)	positive psychology	

164.	Studying the impact of natural selection on the development of behaviors and mental processes that we humans have in common is of most central interest to	
A)	humanistic psychology.	
B)	social psychology.	
C)	community psychology.	
D)	evolutionary psychology.	

165.	Studying the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior is of most central interest to	
A)	cognitive neuroscience.	
B)	behavior genetics.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	behaviorism.	

166.	Nicole has been unusually quick in learning to excel in the highly competitive sports training programs at her school because she is more genetically predisposed to crave excitement and challenge than are her classmates. This BEST illustrates that	
A)	some ideas are innate.	
B)	the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes.	
C)	nurture works on what nature endows.	
D)	nature selects traits that best enable us to survive in a particular environment.	

167.	Culture is best described as	
A)	the entire collection of character strengths that help individuals and communities to thrive.	
B)	the enduring ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted across generations.	
C)	the contribution that experience makes to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.	
D)	basic moral values that are shared by all of humanity.	

168.	The transmission of political practices and religious customs from one generation to the next best illustrates the importance of	
A)	introspection.	
B)	massed practice.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	culture.	

169.	Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences.	
A)	common psychological processes	
B)	gender differences	
C)	unconscious preferences	
D)	genetic dissimilarities	

170.	Psychologists report that genders differ in their risk of	
A)	alcohol use disorder.	
B)	depression.	
C)	eating disorders.	
D)	all of these problems.	

171.	To balance historic psychology's focus on human problems and negative emotions, Martin Seligman called for the development of	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	introspection.	

172.	A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of	
A)	introspection.	
B)	SQ3R.	
C)	the testing effect.	
D)	multiple levels of analysis.	

173.	A complete picture of how mental processes are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided by	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	introspection.	

174.	Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Mr. Leonard's depression. Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires	
A)	psychoanalysis.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	an evolutionary level of analysis.	

175.	Ali insists that intellectual skills are inherited; Claire argues that intelligence is developed through educational experiences. Ali and Claire have differing perspectives on intelligence that	
A)	complement each other.	
B)	are impossible to test scientifically.	
C)	illustrate the distinction between behavior and mental processes.	
D)	illustrate the conflict between psychology and psychiatry.	

176.	Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states?	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavioral	
D)	neuroscience	

177.	In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	cognitive	

178.	The evolutionary perspective focuses on the impact of ________ on human traits.	
A)	introspection	
B)	natural selection	
C)	unconscious motives	
D)	rational thought	

179.	Mark believes that people's dislike of bitter-tasting foods has promoted human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	behavioral	

180.	Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and environmental experience to differing levels of human intelligence?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

181.	The behavior genetics perspective would be most directly concerned with assessing the relative influences of	
A)	behavior and mental processes.	
B)	conscious and unconscious motives.	
C)	nature and nurture.	
D)	spaced practice and massed practice.	

182.	Professor Hernandez attempts to assess how the interaction of genes and the environment contribute to children's vulnerability to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	cognitive	
D)	behavioral	

183.	A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavioral	
D)	social-cultural	

184.	The high school counselor has suggested that Skylar's romantic feelings for her physics teacher reflect her unconscious longings for attention from her own father. The counselor's assessment most clearly reflects a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral	
B)	evolutionary	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

185.	The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of	
A)	learning.	
B)	introspection.	
C)	inherited traits.	
D)	self-esteem.	

186.	Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently pressured to defend themselves with fists. Natassia's belief is best described as an example of the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	neuroscience	

187.	The evolutionary perspective is to ________ as the behavioral perspective is to ________.	
A)	applied research; basic research	
B)	nature; nurture	
C)	clinical psychology; psychiatry	
D)	unconscious mind; conscious mind	

188.	Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	evolutionary	

189.	A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral	
B)	evolutionary	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	cognitive	

190.	Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective.	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	cognitive	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

191.	Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors?	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	social-cultural	

192.	Dr. Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from alcohol use disorder because of the strong influence of their religion. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	social-cultural	

193.	A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is	
A)	limited in its scope.	
B)	likely to contradict other perspectives.	
C)	of little value for applied research.	
D)	impossible to test scientifically.	

194.	Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in basic research?	
A)	industrial-organizational psychologists	
B)	cognitive psychologists	
C)	community psychologists	
D)	clinical psychologists	

195.	Dr. Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving and abstract-reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent?	
A)	developmental psychology	
B)	biological psychology	
C)	industrial-organizational psychology	
D)	personality psychology	

196.	Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	biological	
B)	social	
C)	developmental	
D)	industrial-organizational	

197.	Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the effectiveness of test-enhanced learning on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	personality	
C)	biological	
D)	cognitive	

198.	Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	biological	
B)	cognitive	
C)	industrial-organizational	
D)	personality	

199.	Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	clinical	
B)	social	
C)	biological	
D)	industrial-organizational	

200.	Scientific studies conducted to solve practical problems are most clearly examples of	
A)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	the testing effect.	
D)	applied research.	

201.	Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?	
A)	developmental psychology	
B)	industrial-organizational psychology	
C)	biological psychology	
D)	clinical psychology	

202.	A helping profession devoted to assisting people with problems often related to school, work, or marriage is known as	
A)	personality psychology.	
B)	counseling psychology.	
C)	cognitive psychology.	
D)	social psychology.	

203.	Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?	
A)	personality psychology	
B)	biological psychology	
C)	clinical psychology	
D)	developmental psychology	

204.	Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from major depressive disorder. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	personality	
B)	industrial-organizational	
C)	clinical	
D)	developmental	

205.	Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder?	
A)	developmental psychologists	
B)	clinical psychologists	
C)	personality psychologists	
D)	psychiatrists	

206.	Which branch of psychology is most likely to study how social institutions affect the well-being of individuals and groups?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	community psychology	
C)	clinical psychology	
D)	counseling psychology	

207.	The enhanced memory that accompanies repeated self-testing of previously learned material best illustrates the value of	
A)	introspection.	
B)	retrieval practice.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	a psychodynamic perspective.	

208.	The SQ3R method encourages students to	
A)	read each text chapter quickly in order to minimize boredom.	
B)	read each text chapter without any preconceptions about what they might learn.	
C)	survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself.	
D)	read entire text chapters at one sitting in order to maximize comprehension.	

209.	For effective mastery of course material, the text emphasizes the value of	
A)	spaced practice and overlearning.	
B)	speed reading and massed practice.	
C)	introspection and psychoanalysis.	
D)	all of these practices.	

210.	To remember important ideas presented in class lectures, you would be best advised to	
A)	write them down.	
B)	take deep breaths.	
C)	monitor your heart rate.	
D)	engage in massed practice.	

Answer Key

1.	C	
2.	D	
3.	D	
4.	C	
5.	C	
6.	B	
7.	D	
8.	A	
9.	C	
10.	A	
11.	D	
12.	D	
13.	D	
14.	D	
15.	A	
16.	D	
17.	A	
18.	B	
19.	C	
20.	B	
21.	B	
22.	D	
23.	B	
24.	D	
25.	A	
26.	D	
27.	C	
28.	C	
29.	B	
30.	B	
31.	B	
32.	D	
33.	C	
34.	D	
35.	C	
36.	D	
37.	B	
38.	C	
39.	A	
40.	B	
41.	C	
42.	D	
43.	D	
44.	B	
45.	B	
46.	B	
47.	D	
48.	A	
49.	D	
50.	A	
51.	C	
52.	D	
53.	D	
54.	B	
55.	C	
56.	D	
57.	D	
58.	D	
59.	B	
60.	D	
61.	A	
62.	A	
63.	C	
64.	C	
65.	B	
66.	A	
67.	C	
68.	C	
69.	C	
70.	D	
71.	D	
72.	B	
73.	A	
74.	D	
75.	C	
76.	B	
77.	C	
78.	C	
79.	C	
80.	A	
81.	D	
82.	B	
83.	A	
84.	D	
85.	B	
86.	C	
87.	B	
88.	D	
89.	C	
90.	C	
91.	C	
92.	C	
93.	C	
94.	A	
95.		
96.		
97.		
98.	D	
99.	A	
100.	D	
101.	D	
102.	D	
103.	B	
104.	D	
105.	A	
106.	D	
107.	C	
108.	C	
109.	B	
110.	B	
111.	B	
112.	C	
113.	B	
114.	D	
115.	D	
116.	C	
117.	C	
118.	B	
119.	B	
120.	B	
121.	D	
122.	B	
123.	C	
124.	B	
125.	D	
126.	C	
127.	B	
128.	B	
129.	B	
130.	A	
131.	B	
132.	C	
133.	D	
134.	C	
135.	B	
136.	D	
137.	B	
138.	A	
139.	C	
140.	C	
141.	C	
142.	A	
143.	B	
144.	D	
145.	B	
146.	A	
147.	C	
148.	C	
149.	C	
150.	D	
151.	D	
152.	C	
153.	B	
154.	A	
155.	D	
156.	C	
157.	D	
158.	D	
159.	B	
160.	A	
161.	C	
162.	B	
163.	C	
164.	D	
165.	B	
166.	C	
167.	B	
168.	D	
169.	A	
170.	D	
171.	C	
172.	D	
173.	C	
174.	C	
175.	A	
176.	D	
177.	B	
178.	B	
179.	C	
180.	D	
181.	C	
182.	B	
183.	B	
184.	C	
185.	A	
186.	A	
187.	B	
188.	A	
189.	D	
190.	B	
191.	D	
192.	D	
193.	A	
194.	C	
195.	B	
196.	C	
197.	D	
198.	D	
199.	B	
200.	D	
201.	B	
202.	B	
203.	C	
204.	C	
205.	D	
206.	B	
207.	B	
208.	C	
209.	A	
210.	A